熱電変換の部屋
	THE ROOM OF THERMOELECTRICS

Measurement System・測定装置（日本語）

　In Japan, the measurement method of thermoelectric properties is determined by Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS R 1650-1 to -3). But it is very difficult to accurately measure thermoelectric characteristics ,for example Appl. Phys. A: Mat. Sci. & Proc. 96 (2009) 511 , errors of 2 to 3% as a figure of merit Z should be allow. In the test conducted by NIST in 2008, it seems that the equipment which modified the PPMS of the Quantum Design showed the central value of all measured value. In addition, NIST released SRM 3451,“Low Temperature Seebeck Coefficient Standard (10 K to 390 K)”, in 2011. Currently, NIST developing standard materials for medium temperature range and thin film. In addition, Japanese AIST and Kyushu University researchers have verified that high-temperature superconductors are a useful reference if the temperature is lower than the liquid nitrogen temperature.(DOI:10.1063/1.5122226)
　See https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5079832 for characteristics other than the Seebeck coefficient of SRM 3451.

　In 2017, IEC 62830-2:2017 describes procedures and definitions for measuring the thermo power of thin films used in micro-scale thermoelectric energy generators, micro heaters and micro coolers.

　 　In 2021, IEC 62830-5:2021 specifies the test method for measuring generated electric power from flexible thermoelectric devices under bending conditions.

　 　In 2021, NIST debeloped a high temperature (295-900K) Seebeck coefficient standard reference material SRM 3452 in a p-type boron-doped polycrystalline silicon–germanium alloy with a nominal composition of Si₈₀Ge₂₀. See https://doi.org/10.1557/s43578-021-00362-8 for details.

　In 2022, the German Aerospace Center (DLR) and the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) have qualified β-Fe_0.95Co_0.05Si₂ (FeSi₂) as a reference material for high temperature measurement of the thermoelectric power factor. See https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2022.112359 for details.

　In 2023, ISO 24687 "Fine ceramics (advanced ceramics, advanced technical ceramics) — Measurement of Seebeck coefficient and electrical conductivity of bulk-type thermoelectric materials at room and high temperatures" was published as International Standard.

　Meanwhile, with regard to the characterization of power generation modules, the Association of German Engineers published VDI 2018 Blatt 1:2022-07 Thermogenerator characterisation - Fundamentals, terms, and definitions and VDI 2018 Blatt 2:2022-07 Thermogenerator characterization - Characterization of planar TEM in July 2022, which describe the configuration of the measurement device, measurement methods, uncertainties, etc.

　Also, see here (DOI: /10.1021/acsenergylett.1c02043) for "Essential Considerations for Reporting Thermoelectric Properties" proposed by senior editors of ACS Energy Letters.
　Based on my experience, I think it is also important to use equipment calibrated to NIST standard reference materials and measure with a uniform heat flow of the sample cross section.

　On the other hand, a brief description of film characterization can be found in Materials Today Physics（DOI:10.1016/j.mtphys.2023.101173）.

Software・ソフトウェア（日本語）